Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities of Triple Fusion

Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities of Triple Fusion Developmental odontogenic anomalies can occur in both primary and permanent dentition leading to morphological variations in shape, size and structure, and numerical variations like anadontia, hypodontia or oligodontia. According to Kramer PF et al the most commonly reported odontogenic anomaly in primary dentition is co-joined teeth. Co-joined teeth can be due to fusion or gemination. Proper clinical and radiographic evaluation is a must to differentiate between the two. Occurrence of double fusion as an anomaly may not be rare, but triple fusion is a rare odontogenic anamoly. This paper gives a brief insight about incidence, problems associated, diagnosis and treatment modalities of triple fusion. INTRODUCTION Completely edentulous maxilla and mandible with only anterior teeth remaining is a common clinical situations causing progressive loss of bone in the posterior aspect of mandible. If bilateral distal extension mandible and completely edentulous maxilla is rehabilitated with removable partial dentures there are chances that mandibular denture base sink gradually because of resorption of alveolar bone in posterior aspect of mandible leading to posterior open bite. Lack of posterior occlusal contacts causes an eventual and progressive shift of masticatory function to anterior segments.1 This syndrome associated with resorption of residual alveolar ridge is termed as combination syndrome. Glossary of Prosthdontic terms 2 defines combination syndrome as the characteristic features that occur when an edentulous maxilla is opposed by natural mandibular anterior teeth including loss of bone from the anterior portion of the maxillary ridge, overgrowth of the tuberosities, papillary hyperplasia of the hard palatal mucosa, extrusion of mandibular anterior teeth, and loss of alveolar bone and ridge height beneath the mandibular removable partial denture bases also called anterior hyperfunction syndrome. Kelly3 was the first person to use the term combination syndrome. Additional changes occurring in clinical situation with completely edentulous maxilla and partially edentulous mandible with only anterior teeth remaining include loss of occlusal vertical dimension, occlusal plane discrepancy, anterior spatial repositioning of the mandible, poor adaptation of the prosthesis, epulis fissuratum and periodontal changes.4 Combination syndrome occurs among 25percent of individuals who wear both complete denture opposing mandibular anterior teeth and a bilateral distal extension removable partial denture.1 Sequelae of combination syndrome: Early loss of bone from the posterior part of the mandible leads to increase in function in anterior region as a result of posterior hypofunction. Hypertrophy of anterior mandible with anterior hyperfunction develops. Forces originating from the lower anterior teeth are directed towards the anterior portion of the unsupported maxillary denture leading to loss of bone and ridge height anteriorly, the posterior residual ridge becomes larger with the development of enlarged tuberosity 3. However enlarged tuberosities is also seen in situations where mandibular molars have been lost, the opposing maxillary molars may supraerupt together with alveolar process.5 Enlarged tuberosities along with increase in bone height causes the occlusal plane to migrate up in the maxillary anterior region and down in the maxillary posterior region, eventually the natural anterior mandibular teeth migrate upward with simultaneous mandibular alveolar hypertrophy. Anterior teeth on the complete denture disappear under patients lip effecting the esthetics showing none of the maxillary anterior teeth and too much of the lower natural anterior teeth. 3 With lack of posterior palatal seal, a negative pressure develops leading to papillary hyperplasia .3 Along with negative pressure chronic occlusal trauma from incisal edges of mandibular anterior teeth causes flabby tissues in anterior palate termed as papillary hyperplasia. Kelly3 demonstrated resorption in the edentulous maxilla but not for the posterior edentulous parts of the mandible. However it has been studied patients with a complete maxillary denture opposed by a mandibular distal extension removable partial denture and retained by an anterior bar revealed more bone resorption in the posterior mandible than in the maxilla.6 Loss of established posterior occlusal contacts is an important factor in relation to the combination syndrome 1as a result of resorption of both anterior maxillary and posterior mandibular edentulous alveolar ridges leads to progressive collapse of vertical dimension of occlusion causing the mandible to move forward resulting in pseudomandibular prognathism. Loss of occlusal contacts can be attributed not only to bone resorption under mandibular distal extension bases but also to wearing of the artificial teeth, as well as changes in position of the anterior mandibular teeth which may facilitate parafunctional activities such as clenching and thereby increasing the pressure on the maxillary anterior alveolar bone.7,8 Histopathological changes: Histopathology of hyperplastic anterior ridge tissue and fibrous tissue over tuberosities are indistinguishable with mature dense fibrous connective tissue consisting of bundles of collagen fibers, few cellular elements and a very few inflammatory cells.3 This is also similar to histopathology of mature epulis fissuratum. Similarity of histopathology of all three conditions (hyper plastic tissue, fibrous tissue, epulis fissuratum) may be attributed to similar tissue response to prolonged trauma from denture base. Management of combination syndrome: Ill fitting dentures have been blamed for all of the lesions of edentulous tissues but the most perfect denture will be ill fitting after bone is lost from anterior part of the ridge. Removable dentures need periodic attention to check for any tissue changes. Frequent relining of ill-fitting dentures slows down but does not stop the development of combination syndrome. Preventing the degenerative changes that complete maxillary denture opposing Kennedy’s class I partial dentures can be best accomplished by avoiding extraction of lower anterior teeth and retaining weak posterior teeth as abutments by means of endodontic and periodontic technique.3Also over denture can be considered as treatment option by retaining roots of anterior mandibular teeth to support an overdenture. According to Langer 9 both well designed removable partial denture and over denture can be suggested for patients with an edentulous maxilla and some remaining anterior mandibular teeth. Well designed mandibular removable partial denture is suggested for low risk patients who have not developed combination syndrome and whose mandibular anterior teeth are well preserved and have not supraerupted. However the restoration of the posterior occlusion with removable partial denture will not entirely delay a progressing combination syndrome. Removable partial denture is advocated for situations that may eventually develop combination syndrome but nevertheless have shown stable occlusion. In the past because of limitations of removable partial denture a more predictable outcome can be expected by use of over denture especially for patients who already have combination syndrome or whose mandibular anterior teeth are structurally or periodontally compromised9 .Additional retention for mandible may be provided by stud attachment. The evaluation of risk of developing combination syndrome is based on past dental history and the condition of remaining mandibular anterior teeth. To prevent bony resorption mechanical forces must be distributed over as large an area of the basal seat as possible and the denture must make as little movement as possible against its basal seat. Wide coverage with the complete or partial removable denture base to minimize the force per unit area is the basic to reduce ridge resorption and would help to prevent combination syndrome.10Covering the retromolar pad and buccal shelf with denture base retards bone loss.10 The destructive changes on the soft tissues brought about by class I mandibular removable partial dentures constitutes a strong support for â€Å"shortened dental arch’’ concept.11Dentures with only anterior and premolar teeth can meet oral functional demands in most situations.12 Surgical options can be considered in treating undesirable conditions associated with combination syndrome .13,14The flabby hyperplastic tissue can be surgically removed, the papillary hyperplasia can be eliminated and enlarged tuberosities can be reduced3 which allows the distal end of occlusal plane to be raised to proper level and allows the lower partial denture bases to be fully extended over the retromolar pad. Correction of premaxillary bone atrophy with bone grafting can be successful in treating combination syndrome. Traditional occlusal schemes and posterior occlusal forms both incorporate a vertical overlap of anterior teeth. Overtime this overlap results in anterior contact or hyperfunction due to forward and upward movement of the mandible leading to bone loss caused by anterior hyperfunction syndrome. An alternative option to prevent contact of anterior teeth involves noninterceptive linear occlusion combined with bilateral fulcrum of protrusive stability.15Linear occlusion consists of masticatory surfaces in the form of a straight, long occlusal ridge in contact with flat monoplane opposing surfaces ,there are no cusp inclines with which to make contact during envelope of function. For this reason linear occlusion is defined as a non interceptive type of occlusion requiring minimal interocclusal rest space.16 Establishing the horizontal plane of occlusion from the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisors to the top of retromolar papilla on either side in the posterior region is an integral part of linear concept of occlusion.16Guidelines for linear occlusion includes use of an alternative tooth form with its inherent absence of anterior vertical overlap.17 There is no need for the traditional 2-3 mm interocclusal rest space which does not mean interocclusal clearance is not needed but less is required. For this reason the centric relation record was made at vertical dimension of rest allowing teeth to be arranged at a vertical height that reduced vertical overlap of anterior teeth, 0.020 of an inch of vertical clearance was provided during arrangement of the anterior teeth.15 Both implant retained and implant supported prostheses have become increasing popular and have been proven successful in prosthetic rehabilitation of partially and completely edentulous maxilla and mandible.18, 19The unstable occlusion in combination syndrome results in progressive posterior mandibular atrophy .use of a conventional denture in restoring the mandibular dentition provides the least patient satisfaction as compared with the fixed prostheses.20For this reason the patient usually elects to have mandibular rehabilitation with implant retained prosthesis. A fixed implant-supported prosthesis of the same design produced bone apposition in the posterior parts of mandible ,whereas an overdenture supported by two implants resulted in a continuous resorption of the same areas .8A well documented long term results were found in fixed mandibular prostheses supported by implants placed between the mental foramina and opposing maxillary complete dentures.21 A study has shown that in patients who received mandibular implant-supported fixed prostheses bone resorption in the posterior part of the mandible ceased.22 Conclusion: Clinicians have recognized a number of characteristic features of combination syndrome but documented observations are rare. Epidemiologic studies related to combination syndrome are yet to be conducted to reach more conclusive results in diagnosing combination syndrome. Destructive changes of hard and soft tissues can be avoided by preventing combination prosthesis by retaining mandibular posterior teeth by endodontic or periodontal treatment. Ill fitting dentures have been blamed for all the lesions of edentulous tissues yet no matter how well the dentures are made by the denture will be ill fitting with gradual resorption of alveolar bone. Removable partial dentures require periodic recall and check up as to maintain posterior occlusal contact by constant relining of distal extension denture base to compensate for resorption of bone. Every effort should be made to avoid the potentially destructive occlusal forces exerted on anterior maxillary residual ridge .Linear occlusal concep t can be used to fabricate functionally and esthetically pleasing prosthesis. Implant rehabilitation in these patients slows down the bone resorption. However management strategies should be tailored to suit the needs of an individual patient.

Environmental Factors the Affect the Marketing Procedures of Coca Cola International Essay

Coca Cola is an international business company that needs international advertising as well. Businesses spend billions of advertising dollars every year because they know that viewers are influenced by what they see and hear. They don’t spend that money because they think advertising might work; they know it works. It sells their products. In 2004, The Coca-Cola Company spent 2. 2 billion dollars advertising its products worldwide in print, on the radio, and on television. Was the investment worthwhile? The company made nearly 22 billion dollars in profits for that year. Advertisers realize that one ad may not affect behavior. Instead, they rely on the cumulative impact of years of indoctrination. The truth is, with just a minute’s airing of an advertisement, some thousands of consumers are rather attracted to buy the products shown on TV. With this fact in mind, it could be noted that advertising is rather considered as one of the major procedures of marketing that any type of company could invest upon. However, the question is how sure are the advertisers that their products would sell up through the presentation that they make through advertising? What are the factors that contribute to the said effects of advertising marketing to the consumers? This is what is considered within the discussion of how the environmental factors actually affect the impact of advertising towards the target consumers. The Marketing Strategy’s Effective Placement As noted earlier, Coca Cola is an international beverage company that actually handles the production of drinks that are likely to soothe the drinking needs of the consumers. However, selling beverages may not appear to be as easy as it looks. Most people would consider the beverages presented by Coca Cola to the society are likely for hot times only. How then is the company coping up with its sales during cold season? It is undeniable that Coca Cola, upon observation, tries to make the best out of the time that they are given. It could be noted that even during the cold seasons, the said company is able to attract consumers that are likely fond of the beverages that they offer no matter what weather there may be. December is likely the winter time which usually caters hot beverages and their promotions to the buying public. However, Coca Cola managed to use the said environmental change in terms of weather for their own advantage. Coca Cola’s advertisement of Santa Claus holding Coke Beverages is indeed an attractive approach, whereas the company paved the way to a more appreciated matter of the season than that of the cold weather itself. It was a rather creative approach that has given this advertisement a major difference from that of the other marketing strategies used by the same company. Obviously, their approach to the situation has placed them in a better edge against their competitors in the industry thus giving the company better gains than the others for annual productivity for the entire business organization. Conclusion Weather is just one particular factor in the advertising and marketing word that actually affects the approach of product promotion in the field of consumer-producer relationship. It is undeniable through that weather, single as it is, has a great effect on the presentation of advertisements during specific seasons as suggested by the environment itself. Coca Cola on the other hand has been able to take responsible consideration of these unavoidable changes in the environment for the their own good that actually outlines the possibility that they are then given the rightful share of their own creativity in presenting their marketing approach in the field of advertising. As a result, the said company was able to get the best out of the possible changes of the environment. Their gains and the edge against their competitors that they were able to accomplish through the said approached saved their values for service and profit well. True, environment itself may present challenges to different companies with regards the launching of the different products that they present to the society, however, effective utilization of the said situations for the benefit of the organization could make the strategy of marketing more apprehended and efficient for international advertising approaches.

Impact of Organised Retail Chains on Unorganised Retail Sector

â€Å"A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON PREFERENCE OF SOFT DRINKS IN YOUTH REPORT Submitted to: Submitted by: DR. RAJKUMARCHIRAG GUPTA Roll no. 5382 MBA 5. 4 MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [pic] INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH MDU,ROHTAK 2010-2011 DECLARATION I Chirag Gupta, student of 5 year M. B. A 4th semester of Institute of Management Studies and Research hereby declare that the project report titled â€Å"Preference of soft drink in youth† is a code of critical & independent work carried out by me under supervision & guidance of Dr.Raj Kumar. This has not been previously submitted for the award of any other diploma, degree or other similar degree. The feasibility suggestion has been duly incorporated in the consultation with the supervisor. Signature of the Candidate EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Soft Drinks were common preference among all the individuals, irrespective of their age groups as it had great brand value and great advertisement.Market Research is based on some und erlying parameters like: †¢ Changing consumption pattern †¢ Advertisements †¢ Taste †¢ Status consciousness †¢ Varying lifestyle The study starts with determining the major players in the soft drinks, their overall consumption pattern among the people and ends up with the conclusion as per the state of mind of the average rational human being.Consumer preferences are changing towards healthier food, and thus such a trend will carry on for some time to come. In the soft drinks market of late, most recent new products launched have been focused on the health benefits of the soft drinks, like pomegranate juices, calcium-fortified bottled water and a series of reduced-sugar alternatives, with such features not previously so readily available to or heavily promoted at the target audience.TABLE OF CONTENTS SERIAL NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1) INTRODUCTION 1) Industrial profile 01 2) Major players in soft drinks segment 04 3) Study of growth of soft drink market 09 2) RE SEARCH METHODOLOGY ) Purpose of the study 10 2) Objectives of the study 10 3) Scope of the study 10 4) Research Design 11 5) Sampling Technique used 12 6) Selection of Sample Size 12 7) Sources of Data collection 12 8) Statistical Tools Used 12 3) DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 13 ) LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 24 5) CONCLUSION 25 6) ANNEXURE 6. 1) Questionnaire 26 7) BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 INTRODUCTION INDUSTRIAL PROFILE The soft-drink industry comprises companies that manufacture nonalcoholic beverages and carbonated mineral waters or concentrates and syrups for the manufacture of carbonated beverages.Naturally occurring bubbling or sparkling mineral waters have been popular for thousands of years: the ancient Greeks believed that such waters had medicinal properties and bathed in them regularly; the Romans established resorts around mineral springs throughout Europe. In the 1500s the village of Spa in Belgium became famous for its waters, which by the early 1600s were sold, in bottles, as far away as London, Eng. Development of the first man-made sparkling or carbonated water is credited to Joseph Priestley, the British scientist who discovered oxygen.In 1772 he invented a method of â€Å"pushing† carbon dioxide into water by dissolving it under pressure, thus creating fairly long-lasting bubbles. The technique led to development of the soft-drink industry. By the beginning of the 19th century, carbonated water was being made commercially in France and North America; shortly thereafter, flavours (normally fruit concentrates) were added to enliven the taste. In the 1820s, small carbonated bottling operations were established in Canada, producing carbonated drinks in refillable bottles which were merchandised as medicinal elixirs or tonics.Most soft drinks are still carbonated to give drinks a â€Å"tangy bite† and to stimulate the tongue. Furthermore, because scent is an important part of taste, the flavours carried as vapours in the bubbles enhance taste. T he principle of â€Å"pushing† carbon dioxide is still used, but now the water is first purified in a process known as â€Å"polishing. † Cooled carbon dioxide is then injected at pressures of 275-550 kilopascals. Some of the early drinks bottled in Canada were called Birch Beer, Ginger Beer, Sarsaparilla, Sour Lemon, None-Such Soda Water and Cream Soda.The first carbonated beverage or â€Å"pop† bottles were sealed with corks held tightly in place with a wire binding. Because they had to be stored neck down so that the cork would not dry and allow the carbonation to leak away, they were manufactured with rounded bottoms. By the mid-1800s, soft drinks sold in Canada were packaged in 8-ounce (227. 2 ml) round-bottom bottles for about 25 cents a dozen, except ginger beer, which was sold in draught form from wooden kegs. Wired cork closures were used until about 1884 with Codd's Patented Globe Stoppers (25 types in all). Such closures were replaced by the Hutcheson Spring Stopper.The crown cap was introduced around 1905 and improved versions are still widely used, although they are gradually being replaced, especially on larger containers, with reclosable screw caps. Other packaging innovations since the mid-1960s include canned carbonated beverages, nonreturnable glass bottles and containers made from rigid plastics. However, an effort is being made, often through provincial legislation, to increase the use of returnable glass containers. In the industry's early years the number of carbonated-beverage plants increased steadily, most serving small regional markets.In 1929 the industry was made up of 345 production plants and the value of shipments reached $12. 3 million. By 1960 the number of plants had increased to 502 and the value of sales to $172. 7 million. Subsequently, consolidation began, prompted by improved production, packaging and distribution facilities. By 1973, 337 plants were in production and the value of shipments was $484 m illion. In 1985, with sales of about $1. 8 billion, the industry had 187 plants in production: Newfoundland had 3; PEI, 1; Nova Scotia, 7; New Brunswick, 8; Quebec, 66; Ontario, 58; Manitoba, 7; Saskatchewan, 10; Alberta, 13; and BC, 14.Production volume has also increased dramatically: in 1939, soft-drink bottlers produced about 162 million litres of carbonated beverages; by 1967, production passed 758 million litres; in 1986, shipments were estimated at over 2. 1 billion litres; and in 1998 that figure rose to 3. 5 billion litres. The industry is regulated by both federal and provincial agencies, 3 of the most important being CONSUMER AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS (responsible for the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act), HEALTH CANADA (which administers the Food and Drugs Act) and Environment Canada (which focuses on environmental matters).The industry is represented by the Canadian Soft Drink Association in Toronto and by several provincial associations. The introduction of diet carbon ated beverages has changed the industry's profile. Several years ago, in response to increasing consumer diet consciousness, the industry introduced the first successful sugar-free diet drinks using the artificial sweetener cyclamate. But questions were raised about the safety of this additive and, based on existing scientific data, Health Canada banned its use in Canadian commercial FOODS AND BEVERAGES.This decision, estimated to have cost the industry more than $15 million, was a setback to diet-drink development. The industry turned to saccharin, but this too was eventually banned. Now, a new sugar-free additive, aspartame, has been approved for use in diet soft drinks, and the cyclamate/saccharin situation is not expected to recur because aspartame consists of amino acids, which occur naturally. Aspartame-sweetened diet drinks have had a dramatic effect on the Canadian carbonated-beverage industry.Just before the saccharin ban in 1977, diet drinks accounted for about 10% of the soft-drink market; following the ban the diet share dropped to about 2%, consisting of beverages partially sweetened with small amounts of sugar. In 1982, the first full year that aspartame was used in Canada, diet drinks increased by 15. 2% of total soft-drink sales, while the total soft-drink industry grew 8%. In 1987 total soft-drink sales increased 5. 3% over 1986, while diet soft-drink sales increased by 10. 7%. This single development has encouraged strong growth in the industry.MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOFT DRINKS SEGMENT COCA COLA [pic] â€Å"thanda matlab coca cola!!! † Coca cola has truly remarkable heritage. From a humble beginning in 1886 it has now become the flagship brand of largest manufacturer, distributor of non alcoholic beverages in the world. In India, coca cola was the leading soft drink till 1977 when govt. policies necessitated its departure. Coca cola has made its return to the country in 1993. and made significant investment to ensure that the beverage is av ailable to more and more people in remote as well as inaccessible parts of the world.Coca cola returned to India in 1993 and over the past ten years has captured the imagination of the nation, building strong association with cricket, the thriving cinema industry, music etc. coca cola has been very strongly associated with cricket, sponsoring the world cup in 1996. In 2002, coca cola launched the campaign,†Thanda Matlab coca cola†. in 2003,coke was available for just rs,5 crores in the country. FANTA GHOONTH BHAR SHARARAT KAR LEY!!! [pic] Fanta entered the Indian market in year 1996 under the coca cola brand . ver the years, Fanta has occupied a strong market place and is identified as â€Å"the fun catalyst†. Fanta stands for its vibrant color, tempting taste and tingling bubbles that not just uplifts feelings but also helps free spirit thus encouraging one to indulge in the moment. LIMCA â€Å" LIME AND LEMONI!!! [pic] Drink that can cast a tangy refreshing spe ll on anyone, anywhere. Born in 1971, Limca has been the original thirst choice, of millions of consumers for over three decades. The brand has been displaying healthy volume growing year on year and limca continues to be leading flavoring soft drinks in the country.Dive into the zingy refreshment of limca and walk away a new person. THUMS UP TASTE THE THUNDER!!! [pic] Strong cola taste, exciting personality. Thums up is a leading carbonated soft drink and most trusted brand in India. Originally introduced in 1977, thums up was acquired by the coca cola company in 1993. Thums up, is, known for strong, fizzy taste and its confident, mature and uniquely masculine attitude. This brand clearly seeks to separate the man from the boys. SPRITE â€Å"SPIRITE BHUJAYE PYAAS BAKI SAB BAKWAAS!!! [pic] World wide sprite ranked as no. soft drink and is sold in more than 190 countries In India, sprite was launched in year 1999 and today it has grown to be one of the fastest growing soft drinks, l eading clear lime category. Today sprite is perceived as a youth icon. With strong appeal to youth sprite has stood for a straight forward and honest attitude. Its clear crisp hingtaste encourages today’s youth to trust their instincts, influence them to be true who they are and to obey their thirst. MAAZA YAARI DOSTI TAAZA MAAZA!!! [pic] Maaza was launched in 1976. In 1993, maaza was acquired by coca cola India. Maaza currently dominates the fruit drink category.Over the years, maaza has become synonymous with mango. â€Å"Taaza Mango, Maaza mango, Botal mei aam, maaza hai naam†. consumers regard maaza as wholesome, natural, fun loving drink real experience of fruit. The campaign builds on the existing equity of the brand and delivers a relevant emotional benefit to the moms rightly captured in tagline, â€Å"yaari dosti, and taaza maaza†. PEPSI YEH DIL MAANGE MORE!!! [pic] Pepsi cola is a carbonated beverage that is produced and manufactured by Pepsi co. It is sold in stores, restaurants and from vending machines. The drink was first made in the 1890’s in North Carolina.The brand was trademarked on June 16, 1903. There have been many Pepsi variants produced over the years. †¢ Diet Pepsi †¢ Crystal Pepsi †¢ Pepsi twist †¢ Pepsi max †¢ Pepsi samba †¢ Pepsi blue †¢ Pepsi gold †¢ Pepsi holiday spice †¢ Pepsi jazz †¢ Pepsi x(available in Finland & brazil) †¢ Pepsi next(available in Japan & south Korea) STUDY OF GROWTH OF SOFT DRINK MARKET SOFT DRINKS Carbonated drinks are dominated by artificial flavors based on cola, orange and lime with Pepsi and coca-cola dominating the market. The entire part of the drink is based on its artificial flavors and sweetening agents as no natural juice is used.MARKET †¢ Cola products account for nearly 61-62% of the total soft drinks market. †¢ Two global majors’ Pepsi and coke dominate the soft drink market. †¢ NCAER survey sa ys 91% of soft drink in the country is in the lower, lower middle and upper middle class people. †¢ The market is worth around Rs. 5000 crores with growth rate of around 10-15%. †¢ The annual per capita consumption in India is only about 6 bottles vis- a- Vis 340 bottles in the U. S. †¢ The production as soft drinks has increased from 5670 million bottles in 1998-99 to 6230 million bottles in 1999-2000 industry source. Growth market this year is expected to be 10-15% in value terms and 20-22% in volume terms. However, the market for carbonated drinks is stagnating and not growing as expected. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The main aim of this research study is to analyze the preference of youth on consumption patterns and preference of Soft Drinks. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY †¢ To study the preferences of the youth for soft drinks. †¢ To find out the factor(s) that influences the consumer’s consumption of soft drinks. †¢ To test the know- how of the consumers regarding the various existing brands of soft drinks. To know the size of the soft drink purchase for personal and household purpose. †¢ To know the frequency of consumption of soft drink. SCOPE OF THE STUDY †¢ This study is confined MDU campus Rohtak. †¢ Seasonal drinks are not considered in the study. †¢ We are considering only canned and bottled drinks. †¢ We are not considering health & alcoholic drinks. RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is a framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing research project. It specifies the details of the procedures necessary for obtaining the information needed to structure and/or solve marketing research problem.On the basis of fundamental objectives of the research we can classify research design into two general types: 1) EXPLORATORY RESEARCH 2) CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH Exploratory research is one type of research design, which has its primary objective the provision of insights into, and comprehe nsion of, the problem situation confronting the researcher. Conclusive research is designed to assist the decision maker in determining evaluating and selecting the best course of action to take in a given situation. Conclusive research can be further divided into two types:- †¢ Descriptive †¢ ExperimentalThe research design used in this project is a DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN. Descriptive study as the name implies is designed to describe something-for example the characteristics of users of a given product, the degree to which the product use varies with income, age, etc. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE USED: This research has used convenience sampling technique. 1) Convenience sampling technique: Convenience sampling is used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth. As the name implies, the sample is selected because they are convenient.SELECTION OF SAMPLE SIZE: For the study, a sample size of 60 has been taken into consi deration. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION: Research will be based on two sources: 1. Primary data 2. Secondary data 1) PRIMARY DATA: Questionnaire: Primary data was collected by preparing questionnaire and the people were randomly being requested to fill them. 2) SECONDARY DATA: Secondary data will consist of different literatures like books which are published, articles, internet and websites. In order to reach relevant conclusion, research work needed to be designed in a proper way.STATISTICAL TOOLS USED The main statistical tools used for the collection and analyses of data in this project are: †¢ Questionnaire †¢ Bar Diagrams DATA ANALYSIS & FINDINGS |Statistics | | | |Statistics | | | | | | | | | | |Statistics | | | |Who decide the |Do you read | | | |selection of soft |instruction written | | | |drink for household? on the packaging of | | | | |soft drink? | |N |Valid |60 |60 | | |Missing |0 |0 | | |Mean |2. 8167 |1. 6167 | | |Median |3. 0000 |2. 0000 | | |Mode |3. 0 0 |2. 0 | | |Variance |. 356 |. 240 | | | | | |Do you like soft drink? | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [pic] LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY LIMITATION OF THE STUDY ? The study was confined to University Campus MDU Rohtak only. ? Chances of some biasness could not be eliminated. ? Youth are assumed to be between the age 15 to 25 ? Time was the major constrain. Only limited sample size (60) was possible for such a vast research on such a period of time . i. e. one month ? Interaction with the respondents was also limited due to their busy work. Due to the changing life style and preferences, it was not necessary that they will consume same soft drink every time. ? There was a chance that respondent will make assumptions while filling the questionnaire. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Following are the concluding points taken into consideration after the conduct of the research study: ? An important finding that emerged out of the survey was that 91%of youth like to have soft dri nks while 9% not like. ? Through the research it was conveyed that weekly consumption of soft drinks is more than daily consumption. ? Most of the respondents took soft drink without any reason. ? Remaining majority of the respondents consume soft drinks at the time of parties & celebrations. Most of the respondents consume soft drinks because of its taste. ? Most of the respondents were of the neutral view that advertisements affect their purchases. ? Most of the respondent likes Dew. ? Most of them consume 300ml pack for personal usage. ? Packaging doesn’t influence the purchase of most of the respondents. ? Most of them don’t read instruction written on the package of soft drink. ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE Respected Sir/Madam A Research Project is being pursued in IMSAR on â€Å"Preference of soft drink in youth†. Kindly extend your cooperation & enable us doing the project successfully. This information is used for academic purpose. PERSONAL DETAILS Name  œ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Age – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Gender – ? Male ? Female Qualification – ? Graduate ? Under Graduate ? Post Graduate ? Other (Specify) 1) Do you like soft drinks? Yes No 2) Where do you mostly consume soft drink? PartyCafeHome 3) Frequency of consumption of soft drink in a week? Daily 2-4times more than 4 times once in a week 4) On what occasions, do you often consume the Soft Drinks? Feeling Thirsty Without any reason (just like that) ? Parties / Celebrations ? Others, please specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5) What induces you to buy Soft Drinks?Price with quantity Health Drink Status symbol Taste Variety Advertisement 6) Which soft drink do you like more? Dew Sprite Cocacola Pepsi Limca Maaza Other (specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7) Do advertisements influence your purchases? Strongly Agree ? Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree ? 8) Do you agree that packaging influence consumer purchase decision? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree ) Please tick the size of soft drink you purchase for personal consumption? 200 ml 250ml 300ml500ml other (specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10) Which soft drink is served to the guest in your home? Dew Sprite CocacolaPepsi LimcaMaazaOther (specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11) Who decide the selection of soft drink for household? FatherMother Himself/Herself Other(Specify)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12) Do you read instruction written on the packaging of soft drink? YesNo BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Beverage †¢ www. foodindustryindia. com †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=25105=3 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? rticle id=24983=3 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=24965=3 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=24849=3 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/article/detarchive. asp? articleid=25039=3 †¢ http://www. foodindustryindia. com/newfood/detailnews. jsp? n=Xtazy,%20another%20energy%20drink%20for%20the%20Indian%20market=598 †¢ http://fnbnews. com/redfr. asp? fn=/other/aboutus. asp=About%20Us#Food †¢ www. google. com †¢ Kothari C R, â€Å"Research and Methodology- Methods & Techniques†, New Age International (P) Ltd. , 2004 [pic] ———————– 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9[pic][pic] 24 27 25 12

Communication An Effective Communication - 1292 Words

Qiuyun LIU 0BX Assessment 1 Communication is a very important part in business doesn’t matter small large. Even the normal one-to-one method of communications can be full of challenges and misleading. By communicating other person with purpose and try to focus on relationships and results, companies can take advantage effective communication strategies to create solid results with not only single person but with multiple audiences. Open An open communication is the way of communication in which all members of the business feel free to share all their achievements and feedback, ideas and even criticism at every level. Leaders who are very much concern to open communication generate an environment of faith and trust that can be act as a†¦show more content†¦In addition to that, the status of the Employee concerned will, where possible, will be remain unchanged in all the other aspects. Where the Employee or may be the Nominated Representative of the employee, and the Director (Human Resources or General manager) agree, the time-limits set out in these provisions can be extended and the Grievance process may begin at the next level of these procedures. Where two or more Employees believe they have faced a common or identical problem, they may act separately or together. And if the report together then the matter will be dealt with as a single Grievance. A issue raised within these procedures may be drawn out by the Employee or by the Nominated Representative of that employee, at any stage during these procedures by notice in writing, to the Director (Human Resources or General manager). Assessment 2 Q1 At JKL Industries, any employee who is engaged in employment or the provision of training or services has the right to work in an environment which is free from all kind of discrimination. 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I rely heavily on the charge nurses, however, they have varied abilities in effectively communicating information to the staff. Consequently, there is often a lack of clarity in the communication complete miscommunication to the staff via the charge nurses. Clearly one of the most efficient ways to communicate important informationRead MoreEffective Communication At Chomps Effective Communications1722 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION At CHOMPS effective communications is the key to delivering our messaging about who we are and why our brand is far better than our competition. We value communications and open communications is one of our fundamental beliefs. CHOMPS primary reason for providing communications and media assets to our employees is for the purposes of the business, but a certain amount of personal use is also permitted. All use of our communications services is governed by the terms of this policy, andRead MoreEffective Communication1225 Words   |  5 PagesEffective communication with children, young people and families Good communication is central to working with children, young people, families and carers. It helps build trust, and encourages them to seek advice and use services. It is key to establishing and maintaining relationships, and is an active process that involves listening, questioning, understanding and responding. You should always communicate with them appropriately to match the stage of development, personal circumstances, and needsRead MoreCommunication Plan For An Effective Communication910 Words   |  4 PagesA communication plan describes the objectives a company will accomplish in terms of sharing information inside and outside the organization. This communication plan derives from the company’s business plan and is aligned with the overall objectives of the organization. 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For instance, an individual who lacks effective communication skills orRead MoreEffective Communication1513 Words   |  7 PagesEffective Communication Bryan Walker CJA/304 Version 4 May 5, 2014 There are many aspects to the communication process. It is necessary to take into consideration the definition of communication. Communication has been defined as a process involving several steps, among two or more persons, for the primary purpose of exchanging information (Wallace, 2009). Communication requires transmitting an idea, sending the idea through a medium, receiving the message, understanding the idea, and

Unions Should Stay A Part Of The Workplace - 1068 Words

Unions Working is a necessity for life. Everyone has to work in some way to get money so they can live. With work being such a universal thing, there are bound to be some issues with it. Unions have come into question about whether they are necessary or not. In my opinion, unions should stay a part of the workplace. They tend to bring workers together to make their lives better at work. Unions have many ways to get what they want from companies, and negotiating is the most common practice. The main functions of unions are to help organize workers and bargain. With organization, workers can fight for better wages, hours, and conditions. Unions first came about with the realization that workers were being treated unfairly, worked in†¦show more content†¦A major topic that comes up with unions is getting better wages for the employees. This is one of the main reasons that unions came to be. Workers of all fields were tired of being paid unfairly by big companies. They realized that they needed a way to organize themselves to fight for better pay. Unions helped aid in this fight. According to History.com, â€Å" The formation of the Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers (shoemakers) in Philadelphia in 1794 marks the beginning of sustained trade union organization among American workers.† This was the first time workers tried to organize themselves to get more money for what they did. A key way that unions used workers to make businesses meet their demands was organized strikes. With these organized strikes, the big companies had to comply with some of the demands to raise the employee s wag e, or it would cost them more money in the long run. Strikes are a very powerful tool that unions have used often in the past. Unions orchestrated the strikes in the past pretty well, and the majority of strikes accomplished the goal they were trying to complete. Unions have always fought with companies to give the workers the pay they deserve. 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People who come together, from different backgrounds and opinions, to serve a common purpose are bound to have a disagreement (Lytle, 2015). This is something managers should always be prepared for and should even expect to occur. Conflict can be a healthy part of any type of decision making process if it is received by mature and self-confident individualsRead MoreTimeframe. The Portal-To-Portal Act Was Created In 1947.Two912 Words   |   4 Pages Timeframe The Portal-to-Portal Act was created in 1947. Two year prior, the United States ended World War II. Additionally, the United States would begin a war against the Soviet Union, known as the Cold War in 1947. These two major events had enormous impact on United States citizens. The Federal government wanted to increase consumer spending and help reduce the interest rate on debt. As a result, inflation was at fourteen percent and unemployment was rising (Schnidman). The wars had major

Ambrose Bierce’s Experience During the Civil War and Its...

In becoming a printers devil for a Northern Indianapolis Abolitionist Newspaper gave background for the interest in writing and the agreement in the Abolistionist view point. Heeding to the call to arms to help defend the North.,Bierce joined the Army The next four years were spent traveling the states fighting in some of the most well known battles of the Civil War . Ambrose Bierce’s experience during the Civil War where he faced the dangers of nature and man influenced his writing. After being struck in the head by a bullet during a battle, the recouperating time gave Bierce time to write calling on his actual war time memories and experiences to fuel the ideas for these tales. Thes e stories were actually an outlet for the†¦show more content†¦As stated by critic Cathy Davidson, â€Å"he invented many literary techniques:the close examination of time ;an attention to mental fictions in order to avoid real life:the blending of fantasy and reality â€Å". Another example of this literary technique, is in the short story â€Å"Chicamuga†where the six year old character of the story ,has a vivid imagination about war and how it is fought . He sneaks away from his parents plantation armed with a toy wooden sword ready to engage in battle. In his imaginary battle he comes across wounded men . They were wounded and killed in a battle, nearby his home. The boy considers these men as just part of his imaginary play , running around and showing his wooden sword victoriously ,until he stumbles upon more dead in the nearby creek . He is still daydreaming about the battle he fought and won when he is intrigued by the glow of fire in the forest . Still not realizing that it was familiar surroundings he marches on thinking about the battle he just won, until he starts to recognize that the burning glow is his own home! When realization sets in , the boy s head starts to spin,He is desperately trying to get a grasp of the situation around him .He sees an intriguing glow in the forest, he focuses on that , and heads towards it. He sees flames and the buildings they consume,Then the reality .hit him, the reason theseShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of An Occurrence at Owl Creek Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesare other literary elements represented in the story. Perhaps Ambrose Bierce’s most famous works, he used imagery from his own personal experiences in the Civil War, which adds to the suspense of the short story. Imagination is a difficult word to define. The ability to have a daydream, or picture with vivid details, is what imagination could be. An imagination is key for some people, who escape real life into a fantasy world. Bierces â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek† uses point of view, structure, andRead MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 Pagesattempt to resist categorization by genre as well as definition by numbers, finding such approaches limiting and counter-intuitive to artistic form and reasoning. As a result, definitions of the short story based upon length splinter even more when the writing process is t aken into consideration.[41] Short stories date back to oral story-telling traditions which originally produced epics such as Homers Iliad and Odyssey. Oral narratives were often told in the form of rhyming or rhythmic verse, often

Pest Analysis of Foster Beer free essay sample

Exhibit 3. 1 Strategic capabilities and competitive advantage Exhibit 3. 2 Strategic capability: the terminology Exhibit 3. 3 Sources of cost efficiency Exhibit 3. 4 The experience curve Exhibit 3. 5 Criteria for inimitability of strategic capabilities Analyzing Resources Capabilities OUTLINE †¢ The role of resources and capabilities in strategy formulation. †¢ The resources of the firm †¢ Organizational capabilities †¢ Appraising the profit potential of resources and capabilities †¢ Putting resource and capability analysis to work—a practical guide †¢ Creating new capabilities. Shifting the Focus of Strategy Analysis: From the External to the Internal Environment THE FIRM Goals and Values Resources and Capabilities Structure and Systems THE INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT STRATEGY STRATEGY †¢Competitors †¢Customers †¢Suppliers The Firm-Strategy Interface The Environment-Strategy Interface Rationale for the Resource-based Approach to Strategy †¢ When the external environment is subject to rapid change, internal resources and capabilities offer a more secure basis for strategy than market focus. †¢ Resources and capabilities are the primary sources of profitability The Evolution of Honda Motor Company Honda Technical Research Institute founded 1st Competes in Isle of Man TT motorcycle races 4-cylinder 750cc motorcycle 1st gasoline-powered car to meet US Low Emission Vehicle Standard Civic Hybrid (dual gasoline/ electric) motorcycle: 98cc, 2-cycle Dream D Portable generator 405cc motor cycle 1955 1960 1965 1970 Power products: ground tillers, marine engines, generators, pumps, chainsaws snowblowers Civic GS (natural gas powered) 1946 1950 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 4 cycle engine The 50cc Supercub N360 mini car Honda Civic 1000cc Goldwing touring motor cycle Acura Car division Home cogeneration system First product: Model A clip-on engine for bicycles Enters Formula 1 Gran Prix racing Enters Indy car racing Honda FCX fuel cell car Canon: Products and Core Technical Capabilities Precision Mechanics 35mm SLR camera Compact fashion camera EOS autofocus camera Digital camera Video still camera Fine Optics Plain-paper copier Color copier Color laser copier Laser copier Basic fax Laser fax Mask aligners Inkjet printer Excimer laser aligners Laser printer Color video printer Stepper aligners Calculator Notebook computer MicroElectronics Links between Products Capabilities: Capability-Based Strategy at 3M Carborundum mining Sandpaper PRODUCTS Videotape Floppy disks Scotchtape Audio tape data storage products Acetate Post-it notes film Housewares/kitchen products Surgical tapes dressings Pharmaceuticals Materials sciences Health sciences Flexible circuitry Road signs markings CAPABILITIES Abrasives Adhesives Microreplication Thin-film technologies New-product development introduction Evolution of Capabilities and Products: 3M Sandpaper Videotape Floppy disks Scotchtape Audio tape data storage products Acetate Post-it notes film Housewares/kitchen products Surgical tapes dressings Pharmaceuticals Materials sciences Health sciences Flexible circuitry Carborundum mining Road signs markings PRODUCTS CAPABILITIES Abrasives Adhesives Microreplication Thin-film technologies New-product development introduction Eastman Kodak’s Dilemma Resources Capabilities 1980? s Chemical Imaging †¢Organic Chemistry †¢Polymer technology †¢Optomechtronics †¢Thin-film coatings Businesses Film Cameras Fine Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Diagnostics Brands Global Distribution 1990? s DIVESTS: Eastman Chemical, Sterling Winthrop, Diagnostics Need to build digital imaging capability Digital Imaging Products (e. g. Photo CD System; Advantix cameras film The Links between Resources, Capabilities and Competitive Advantage COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE INDUSTRY KEY SUCCESS FACTORS STRATEGY ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITIES RESOURCES TANGIBLE †¢Financial †¢Physical INTANGIBLE †¢Technology †¢Reputation †¢Culture HUMAN †¢Skills/know-how †¢Capacity for communication collaboration †¢Motivation Appraising Resources RESOURCE Financial CHARACTERISTICS Borrowing capacity Internal funds generation Plant and equipment: size, location, technology flexibility. Land and buildings. Raw materials. Patents, copyrights, know how RD facilities. Technical and scientific employees Brands. Customer loyalty. Company reputation (with suppliers, customers, government) Training, experience, adaptability, commitment and loyalty of employees INDICATORS Debt/ Equity ratio Credit rating Net cash flow Market value of fixed assets. Scale of plants Alternative uses for fixed assets No. of patents owned Royalty income RD expenditure RD staff Brand equity Customer retention Supplier loyalty Employee qualifications, pay rates, turnover. Tangible Resources Physical Technology Intangible Resources Reputation Human Resources Firms with the Highest Ratios of Market Value to Book Value (December 2005) Company Valuation Country ratio 72. 0 20. 8 13. 4 12. 6 11. 2 10. 8 10. 7 10. 0 8. 8 8. 4 8. 3 8. 2 8. 1 8. 0 Japan US UK US US Germany US US Japan US US US Neth/UK US Company Valuation Country ratio 7. 8 7. 4 7. 3 6. 7 6. 3 5. 9 5. 7 5. 7 5. 6 5. 5 5. 5 5. 3 5. 2 5. 1 US UK US Finland France UK US US US US Switz. France US Switz. Yahoo! Japan Colgate-Palmolive Glaxo Smith Kline Anheuser-Busch eBay SAP Yahoo! Dell Computer Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Procter Gamble Qualcomm Schlumberger Unilever PepsiCo Coca-Cola Diageo 3M Nokia Sanofi-Aventis AstraZeneca Johnson Johnson Boeing Eli Lily Cisco Systems Roche Holding L’Oreal Altria Novartis The World’s Most Valuable Brands, 2006 Rank Company Brand value ($bn. ) Rank Company Brand value ($bn. ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Coca-Cola Microsoft IBM GE Intel Nokia Disney McDonald’s Toyota Marlboro 67. 5 59. 9 53. 4 47. 0 35. 6 26. 5 26. 4 26. 0 24. 8 21. 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Mercedes Benz 20. 0 Citi 20. 0 Hewlett-Packard 18. 9 American Express 18. 6 Gillette 17. 5 BMW 17. 1 Cisco 16. 6 Louis Vuitton 16. 1 Honda 15. 8 Samsung 15. 0 Source: Interbrand Identifying Organizational Capabilities: A Functional Classification FUNCTION Corporate Management CAPABILITY Financial management Strategic control Coordinating business units Managing acquisitions Speed and responsiveness through rapid information transfer Research capability Development of innovative new products Efficient volume manufacturing Continuous Improvement Flexibility Design Capability Brand Management Quality reputation Responsiveness to market trends EXEMPLARS ExxonMobil, GE IBM, Samsung BP, PG Citigroup, Cisco Wal-Mart, Dell Capital One Merck, IBM Apple, 3M Briggs Stratton Nucor, Harley-D Zara, Four Seasons Apple, Nokia PG, LVMH Johnson Johnson MTV, L’Oreal MIS RD Manufacturing Design Marketing Sales, Distribution Service Sales Responsiveness Efficiency and speed of distribution Customer Service PepsiCo, Pfizer LL Bean, Dell Singapore Airlines Caterpillar The Value Chain: The McKinsey Business System TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT DESIGN MANUFACTURING MARKETING DISTRIBUTION SERVICE The Porter Value Chain FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROCUREMENT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES INBOUND LOGISTICS OPERATIONS OUTBOUND LOGISTICS MARKETING SALES SERVICE PRIMARY ACTIVITIES The Architecture of Organizational Capability ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY SKILLS KNOWLEDGE VALUES NORMS TECHNICAL MANAGERIAL SYSTEMS SYSTEMS Organization Structure Management Systems RESOURCES †¢Human skills know-how †¢Technology †¢Culture (values, norms) Dorothy Leonard â€Å"Core Capabilities Core Rigidities† A modified view A Hierarchy of Capabilities: A Telecom Manufacturer CROSS FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES New product development capability Customer support capability Quality management capability BROAD FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES operations capability R D and design capability MIS capability Marketing and sales capability Human resource mgt. capability ACTIVITY RELATED CAPABILITIES (Operations related only) SPECIALIZED CAPABILITIES (Manufacturing related only) SINGLE-TASK CAPABILITIES (Only those related to PCB assembly) Manufacturing capability Materials management capability Process engineering capability Product engineering capability Test engineering capability Printed circuit-board assembly Telset assembly System assembly Automated through-hole component insertion Manual insertion of components Surface mounting of components Wave soldering INDIVIDUALS? SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE The Rent-Earning Potential of Resources and Capabilities THE EXTENT OF THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ESTABLISHED Scarcity Relevance Durability SUSTAINABILITY OF THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Transferability THE PROFIT EARNING POTENTIAL OF A RESOURCE OR CAPABILITY Replicability Property rights APPROPRIABILITY Relative bargaining power Embeddedness Two approaches to identifying an organization? s resources and capabilities Starting from the inside Starting from the outside Key Success Factors †¢How do customers choose? †¢What do we need to survive competition? What resources capabilities do we need to deliver these KSFs? Assessing a Companies Resources and Capabilities: The Case of VW RESOURCES Importance VW’s Relative Strength 4 5 8 CAPABILITIES Importance VW’s Relative Strength R1. Finance R2. Technology R3. Plant and equipment 6 7 8 C1. Product development C2. Purchasing C3. Engineering C4. Manufacturing 9 7 7 8 6 6 9 4 5 9 7 3 4 4 R4. Location R5. Distribution 7 8 4 5 C5. Financial management C6. RD C7. Marketing sales C8. Government relations 4 8 Appraising VW’s Resources and Capabilities (Hypothetical only) 10 Superfluous Strengths Key Strengths C3 Relative Strength C8 C2 R2 R1 C6 R4 C5 Zone of Irrelevance 1 5 R3 C4 R5 C1 C7 5 1 Key Weaknesses 10 Strategic Importance Appraising the Capabilities of a Business School (illustrative only) Superfluous strengths Key strengths 6 9 3 Parity Inconsequential weaknesses 8 12 11 Deficient Not important 10 7 5 2 C1 Alumni relations C2 Student placement C3 Teaching C4. Administration C5 Course develpment C6 Student recruitment C7 Research C8 Corporate relations C9 Marketing C10 IT C11 PR C12 HRM Superior Relative Strength 4 1 Key weaknesses Critically important Importance Amoco’s Appraisal of Organizational Capabilities (illustrative only) 1. Effective deal making 2. Rapid new product Key strengths development 3. Relentless cost forms 4. Product quality 5. JV management 4 6. Superior EHS management 7. Managing culturally diverse workforce 2 8. Fast decision 3 making 9. Customer 1 segmentation 10. Capture synergies across divisions 8 Key weaknesses 11. Effective procurement Needed Superior Superfluous strengths 6 9 Parity 5 Inconsequential weaknesses 11 Deficient Not important 10 7 Needed to play 1 to win Importance Distinctive Capabilities as a Consequence of Childhood Experiences Company Capability Past History Exxon Financial management Exxon? s predecessor, Standard Oil (NJ) was the holding co. for Rockefeller? s Standard Oil Trust RD/ Shell Coordinating decentralized global empire Elephant hunting† Deal making in politicized environments Lubricants Shell a j-v formed from Shell TT founded to sell Russian oil in China, and Royal Dutch founded to exploit Indonesian reserves Discovered huge Persian reserves, went on to find Forties Field and Prudhoe Bay The Enrico Mattei legacy; the challenge of managing gover nment relations in post-war Italy Vacuum Oil Co. founded in 1866 to supply patented petroleum lubricants 2 BP ENI Mobil Approaches to Capability Development 1) Acquire and develop the underlying resources. Especially human resources Externally (hiring) Internally through developing individual skills 2) Acquire/access capabilities externally through acquisition or alliance ) Greenfield development of capabilties in separate organizational unit (IBM the PC, Xerox PARC, GM Saturn) 4) Build team-based capabilities through training and team development (i. e. develop organizational routines) 5) Align structure systems with required capabilities 6) Change management to transform values and behaviors (GE, BP) 7) Product sequencing (Intel , Sony, Hyundai) 8) Knowledge Management (systematic approaches to acquiring, storing, replicating, and accessing knowledge) Product Sequencing to Build Capabilities: Hyundai Capabilities †¢Auto styling design †¢Casting forging †¢Chassi s design †¢Tooling †¢Body production †¢Export mktg. †¢Assembly †¢Production engineering †¢Local marketing SKD CKD Ford Cortina †¢FWD engineering †¢CAD/CAM †¢Assembly control systems †¢Advanced component handling Hydrodynamics †¢Thermodynamics †¢Fuel engineering †¢Emission control †¢Lubrication †¢Kinetics vibration †¢Ceramics †¢Electronic control systems †¢Large-scale design integration †¢Global logistics †¢Lifecycle engineering „Alpha? engine Accent Avante Sonanta Pony Excel Products 1968 1970 1974 1985 1994-95 What Determines Organizational Capability in Football? Matt Busby Alf Ramsey Manchester U. Ipswich Liverpool Glasgow Celtic Derby/Notts F. 1945-70 1955-64 1959-74 1965-78 1972-84 1974-83 1980-86 19861985-95 19962000-04 2004- Who are the outstandingly successful team managers (coaches) in British football? Bill Shankley Jock Stein Brian Clough Bob Paisley Alex Ferguson Liv erpool Aberdeen Manchester U. Arsene Wenger Monaco Arsenal Jose Mourinho Porto Chelsea Building Team Capabilities in Soccer: Alex Ferguson at Manchester United †¢Find/develop young players Scouting staff doubled— â€Å"find the best. † Building youth team—1992 youth team included Ryan Giggs, David Beckham, Paul Scholes, Nicky Butt, Gary Neville †¢State-of-the-art training complex †¢Rigorous training schedule (+war on booze) †¢Training †¢Developing coordination †¢Training for team skills †¢Building team spirit—â€Å"team functions with single spirit constant flow of mutual support†; â€Å"Talent without unity of purpose is hopeless† Build a core of group internally Supplement with key purchases †¢Blending personalities as well as skills †¢Player rotation for experimentation flexible coordination †¢Structuring the team †¢Cross-functional integration Building the wider team—coaches, scouts, physiotherapists, psychologists, even cleaners Summary: A Framework for Analyzing Resources and Capabilities 4. Develop strategy implications: (a) In relation to strengthsHow can these be exploited more effectively and fully? (b) In relation to weaknesses Identify opportunities to outsourcing activities that can be better performed by other organizations. How can weaknesses be corrected through acquiring and developing resources and capabilities? 3. Appraise the firm’s resources and capabilities in terms of: (a) strategic importance (b) relative strength 2. Explore the linkages between resources and capabilities STRATEGY POTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE CAPABILITIES 1. Identify the firm’s resources and capabilities RESOURCES Knowledge Management and the Knowledge-based View of the Firm OUTLINE 1) Why the surge of interest in knowledge management (KM)? kn. as the key resource of the firm giving us a better understanding of management 2) What is KM? 3) What progress have we made, what are the key gaps, which areas are likely to add most value? 4) Developing strategy: Exploiting strengths, protecting and eliminating weaknesses 5) Building the capability base: Can it be done? How? 6) What can be learn from Knowledge Management? 7) Implications for organizational structure. Knowledge Processes within the Organization Knowledge Creation †¢ Research †¢ Training †¢ Recruitment †¢ Intellectual property licensing †¢ Benchmarking †¢ New product development †¢ Operations †¢ Strategic planning †¢ Communities of practice †¢ Best practices transfer †¢ On-the-job training †¢ Databases †¢ Standard operating practices †¢ Intellectual capital accounting †¢ Competency modeling †¢ Project reviews †¢ Competency modeling Knowledge Generation (â€Å"Exploration†) Knowledge Acquisition Knowledge Integration Knowledge Sharing Knowledge Application (â€Å"Exploitation†) Knowledge Replication Knowledge Storage Organization Knowledge Measurement Knowledge Identification Nonaka? Knowledge Conversion Matrix Tacit Knowledge SOCIALIZATION Sharing of tacit knowledge among individuals and from the organization to the individual TO Explicit Knowledge EXTERNALIZATION The articulation an d systematization of tacit into explicit knowledge. Use of metaphor to communicate tacit concepts Tacit Knowledge FROM Explicit Knowledge INTERNALIZATION Instructions and principles are converted into intuition and routines COMBINATION A key role of information systems is to combine different units of information and other forms of explicit knowledge What is Knowledge Management? Data mining On-thejob Training Courses Seminars Benchmarking Intellectual Capital Accounting IT Communications New Product Development Intellectual Property Protection Best Practice Transfer CRM Strategic Alliances ERP Lessons learned Customer Market Analysis Scenario TQM Analysis Research Definition: â€Å"The systematic leveraging of information and expertise to improve organizational innovation, responsiveness, productivity and competency. † (Lotus division of IBM) Types Levels of Knowledge (and Knowledge Conversion) Levels of knowledge Individual Organization Databases Systems procedures Intellectual property Explicit Types of Knowledge Tacit Information Facts Scientific kn. Skills Know-how Organizational routines Replication through Knowledge Systematization Levels of knowledge Individual Organization Databases Systems procedures Intellectual property ‘INDUSTRIAL’ ENTERPRISES Explicit Types of Knowledge EXAMPLES †¢ Ford †¢ McDonalds †¢ Starbucks †¢Accenture Information Facts Scientific kn. CRAFT ENTERPRISES Tacit Skills Organizational capabilities Knowledge Transfer Mechanisms D I S S E M I N A T I O N B R E A D T H M a n y Rules, procedures directives Modular integration Manuals reports Communities Communities -of-interest -of-practice Internal consultants Group -ware Training seminars courses Informal visits Telephone Low (know-how contextual kn.. ) Shared data bases E-mail Video conferencing Data exchange F e w Personnel transfer Meetings On-the job training Fax ABILITY TO CODIFY High (explicit kn.. information Designing a Knowledge Management System †¢ What kn. processes which are critical to creating value competitive advantage? Dow: creating and exploiting patents McKinsey Co. : sharing kn. retaining experienced consultants Accenture: systematization. ) †¢ What are the characteristics of the relevant kn.? †¢ What mechanisms are needed for the generation and application of the relevant kn.? †¢ What organizational conditions need to be in place in order for knowledge management mechanisms to work? Organizational structures Incentives to contributors and users Behavioral norms and values Exhibit 3. 6 The value chain within an organisation Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon Schuster Adult Publishing Group, from Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superio r Performance by Michael E. Porter. Copyright  © 1985, 1998 by Michael E. Porter. All rights reserved Exhibit 3. 7 The value network Source: Adapted with the permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon Schuster Adult Publishing Group, from Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance by Michael E. Porter. Copyright  © 1985, 1998 by Michael E. Porter. All rights reserved